LABORATORY PROCEDURES AND APPARATUS FOR CHEMICAL COAGULATION/PRECIPITATION, SEDIMENTATION, DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION, DISPERSED AIR FLOTATION, AND FILTRATION

Wang, LK, Wang, MHS (2022). Laboratory Procedures and Apparatus for Chemical Coagulation/Precipitation, Sedimentation, Dissolved Air Flotation, Dispersed Air Flotation, and Filtration. In: "Environmental Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)", Wang, LK, Wang, MHS, and Pankivskyi, YI (editors). Volume 2022, Number 1, January 2022; 51 pages.. Lenox Institute Press, MA, USA. 2022..........ABSTRACT: This publication has been used as one of the lecture materials at the Lenox Institute of Water Technology (LIWT) for the humanitarian environmental education of LIWT , for the continuing education of New England Water Works Association (NEWWA) for both the licensed professional engineers (PE) and the certified water and wastewater operators, and for the technology transfer program of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) in developing countries. The publication covers the subjects of: (a) chemical coagulation/precipitation simulation; (b) dissolved air flotation (DAF) simulation full flow pressurization systems; (c) DAF simulation partial flow pressurization systems; (d) DAF simulation recycle flow pressurization system; (e) dispersed air flotation simulation batch system; (f) dispersed air flotation simulation continuous systems; (g) simulation of chemical coagulation/precipitation, sedimentation and filtration system; (h) simulation of chemical coagulation/precipitation, flotation and filtration system; (i) experiment of coagulation and flocculation with hydrolyzing metallic salts; (i) experiments of coagulation and flocculation with organic polymers; (k) experiment of batch laboratory flotation test; (l) experiment of dispersed air flotation and foam separation; and (m) pilot plant operation of a dissolved air flotation cell

MICROWAVE-ASSISTED ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR RAPID SOLIDS AND WATER CONTENT DETERMINATION

Wang, MHS and Wang, LK (2021). Microwave-assisted analytical methods for rapid solids and water content determination. In: "Environmental Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)", Wang, LK, Wang, MHS, and Pankivskyi, YI (editors). Volume 2021, Number 11, November 2021; pp.31. Lenox Institute Press, Auburndale, Massachusetts,USA. ......ABSTRACT: The authors introduce the microwave-assisted methods as a stepping-stone of environmental research, hoping that (a) operators may use the microwave-assisted methods as the supplemental analytical methods for analyzing the TS, TSS, TDS, and water content under urgent situations and with a standard operating procedure (SOP) for the microwave oven to be used; (b) researchers may develop more similar microwave-assisted technologies for various environmental applications; (c) this microwave-assisted solids and water content methods may one day become a part of the Standard Methods; and (d) the laboratory equipment manufacturers are willing to produce high quality, programmable, and temperature controllable microwave facilities for environmental applications in the near future. Current Standard Methods are: (a) Method 2540B TS dried at 103-105 oC; (b) Method 2540C TDS dried at 180 oC; and Method 2540D TSS dried at 103-105 oC. The Standard Methods allows a material balance calculation among the three solids (TS = TSS + TDS) if two solids are known. The authors suggest that the testing temperatures for the three closely related solid tests, (TS, TSS, and TDS) be consistent, either all 103-105 oC, or all 180 oC, in order to avoid any errors

OIL AND GREASE DETERMINATION, SOLVENT HAZARDS AND WASTE DISPOSAL WHEN USING TRICHLOROMETHANE (CHLOROFORM) FOR EXTRACTION

Wang, LK and Wang, MHS (2022). Oil and grease determination, solvent hazards and waste disposal when using trichloromethane (chloroform) for extraction; In: “Evolutionary Progress in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics (STEAM)”, Wang, LK and Tsao, HP (eds.), 4 (6D), STEAM-VOL4-NUM6D-JUNE2022. ISBN 978-0-9890870-3-2. 57 pages. July 2022, Lenox Institute Press, Massachusetts, USA. ..........ABSTRACT: This publication introduces a new oil and grease (O&G) determination method which involves the use of a visible spectrophotometer or a filter photometer, and a solvent (chloroform) for O&G extraction. The laboratory equipment and chloroform are available in all water quality laboratories. The oil and grease concentration in aqueous phase as low as 0.1 mg/L can be quantitatively measured, provided that a quartz cell with light path length of 5 cm or longer is used. Selection of an appropriate organic solvent for oil and grease analysis is discussed in terms of chemist contact risk and hazardous solvent disposal. Current Standard Methods 5520B, 5520D, 5520E, and 5520G for oil and grease analysis adopt n-hexane for solvent extraction. The authors compare the selected solvent (chloroform) with n-hexane and conclude that chloroform is better than n-hexane considering the fire and accident prevention because n-hexane is very flammable, but chloroform is not flammable. In terms of the worker's health hazard, both chloroform and n-hexane are at the same level, but chloroform is a "select carcinogen" which needs extra personal protective equipment (PPE) and laboratory protective equipment (LPE). This new analytical method using regular spectrophotometer and popular chloroform for O&G extraction will provide extra flexibility. It is recommended that chloroform in analytical chemistry be eventually replaced by other solvent of non-"select carcinogen" type

TITANIUM DIOXIDE RECOVERY, FILLER RETENTION AND WHITE WATER TREATMENT USING FLOTATION AND MEMBRANE FILTRATION

Wang, Lawrence K. and Wang, Mu-Hao Sung (2022). Titanium dioxide recovery, filler retention and white water treatment using flotation and membrane filtration.. In: "Evolutionary Progress in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM)", Wang, Lawrence K. and Tsao, Hung-ping (editors). Volume 4, Number 7, July 2022; pp.72. Lenox Institute Press, MA, USA. STEAM-VOL4-NUM7-JULY2022. ISBN 978-0-9890870-3-2. ............ABSTRACT: Historical and recent developments by research scientists around the world are reviewed and introduced. Topics reviewed include: the characteristics and application of titanium dioxide and various potential fillers; filler retention; techniques and chemicals for enhancing filler retention; and various Saveall processes (such as DAF, DAFF, DAF-DAFF, Spray Filter, Foamer, ozone-oxygen flotation, VSEP, etc.) for white water treatment and resources recovery. This publication is one of several memoirs written by and for the Lenox Institute of Water Technology (LIWT) in memory of Lenox President/Professor Milos Krofta, and Lenox Professors William A. Selke, Donald B. Aulenbach and Nazih K. Shammas. ............KEYWORDS: Memoir, Milos Krofta, Lenox Professors, Lenox Institute of Water Technology (LIWT), Krofta Engineering Corporation (KEC), Pulp, Paper, Titanium Dioxide, Filler, Filler Retention, White Water, Effluent Treatment, Water Reuse, Secondary Fiber, Saveall Process, Dissolved Air Flotation, DAF, Dissolved Air Flotation & Filtration, DAFF, Two-Stage DAF-DAFF, Vibratory Shear Enhanced Process, VSEP, Membrane Filtration

MODIFIED STANDARD COLORIMETRIC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF LIGNIN AND TANNIN IN INDUSTRIAL WATERS

Wang, MHS, and Wang, LK (2022). Modified standard colorimetric method for determination of lignin and tannin in industrial waters. In: "Environmental Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)", Wang, LK, Wang, MHS, and Pankivskyi, YI (editors). Volume 2022, Number 4, April 2022; 23 pages. Lenox Institute Press, MA, USA. ............... ABSTRACT: In tannin and lignin determination using the standard colorimetric method, if the industrial water contains high concentrations of calcium ions, precipitates are formed at the same time of the color development., therefore, causing interferences at the time of obtaining instrument readings. This publication introduces a modified Standard Method which adds the extra analytical steps of: (a) filtration of the test water sample with 0.45 micron pore-size membrane filters immediately after the completion of the color development, so accurate instrument readings can be obtained; (b) preparation of calibration curves when using instrument; and (c) preparation of Standard Nessler tubes for color comparison in case an instrument is not available. Since the analytical procedures introduced in this publication is meant to be a modified "Standard Method", the authors include the exact words in original "Standard Methods 5550 Tannin and Lignin" , but add the authors' recommended extra analytical procedures for the convenience of the readers

REDUCTION OF HIGH COLOR, HUMIC SUBSTANCES, TURBIDITY, COLIFORM BACTERIA, THMMFP, UV ABSORBANCE, CYSTS, CHLORINE DEMAND, AND METALS FROM UNPREDICTABLE WATER SOURCE BY DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION AND FILTRATION

This publication documents: (a) the dissolved air flotation and filtration (DAFF) process; (b) the Drinking Water Standards and water quality goals; (c) standards for raw water sources; (d) the procedure for determination of the trihalomethane maximum formation potential (THMMFP), (e) the alternatives of treating an unpredictable water supply source, (f) the filter backwash wastewater recycle and total chemical sludge recycle technology, (g) the glossary of drinking water quality parameters, and (h) a 4-months DAFF research for treatment of an unpredictable water supply source. The raw water had wide ranges of color (25-90 CU), humic substances (1.5-9.6 mg/l), turbidity (1.08-14.2 NTU), coliform bacteria (1 to TNTC #/100 ml), THMMFP (127 to 683 ppb), UV absorbance (0.13 to 0.28 UV), cysts-size microscopic count (410 to 34623 #/ml), chlorine demand (2 to 2.5 mg/l), lead (0.038 mg/l), and pH (6.4-7.5 units). Under the government supervision, a continuous DAFF plant was operated at 100 gpm flow for treating the above raw water using alum, sodium aluminate, and polymer for 4 months. The DAFF effluent met the all drinking water standards, and the plant performance in terms of impurity percent removals was excellent: color (93%), humic substances (80%), turbidity (93%), coliform bacteria (99%), THMMFP (82%), UV Absorbance (86%), cyst-size microscopic count (99.6%), chlorine demand (52%), and lead (43%). Any manufacturer's dissolved air flotation (DAF) and filtration process equipment (such as AquaDAF, Clari-DAF, etc.) may achieve similar high performance for water purification. https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:55689

SUSTAINABLE WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS CONSISTING OF MAGNESIUM COAGULATION-PRECIPITATION, DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION, RECARBONATION AND FILTRATION

Advancements of new process systems consisting of magnesium coagulation-precipitation, dissolved air flotation (DAF) clarification, filtration and disinfection are introduced : (a) the use of magnesium carbonate or magnesium chloride for replacing alum, (b) the use of DAF for replacing sedimentation, (c) the use of magnesium coagulation-precipitation, DAF , recarbonation , and filtration for water or wastewater treatment, (d) production and marketing of magnesium and calcium sludge for replacing conventional lime as the soil conditioner or for nutrient removal in a biological treatment plants. Examples and case histories of the sustainable process system include: (a) magnesium coagulant for water purification with total chemical sludge recycle; (b) independent physicochemical wastewater treatment using magnesium coagulant and DAF-filtration for treating wastewaters containing toxic substances; (c) simultaneous removal of ammonium ions and phosphate ions from wastewater by magnesium ions for generating useful waste sludge (Struvite) which can be reused as a fertilizer; (d) chemical sludge reuse elsewhere for toxic chromium reduction; (e) waste chemical sludge reuse for biological nitrification neutralization at chicken and meat processing plants; (f) waste chemical sludge reuse for anaerobic digestion improvement at bakeries; (g) pretreatment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) contaminated water prior to granular activated carbon, ion exchange, or membrane filtration; and (h) production and marketing of combined magnesium and calcium sludge as a soil conditioner. The authors' poem ( FATE IN THIS LIFE 今世缘) is presented in this publication

Chinese cloisonné : artistic enamelware for east-west culture exchange through land and sea silk roads.

Lawrence K. Wang and Mu-Hao Sung Wang (2023). Chinese cloisonné : artistic enamelware for east-west culture exchange through land and sea silk roads. In: "Evolutionary Progress in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics", Lawrence K. Wang and Hung-ping Tsao (editors). Vol. 5, No. 11A, 5(11A), November 20, 2023, 38 pp. Lenox Institute Press, MA, USA. [email protected]; https://doi.org/10.17613/aakj-ph96 .......... ABSTRACT: Chinese cloisonné is beautiful enamelware produced with the combined human knowledge of science, technology, engineering, arts and mathematics (STEAM). It decorates our humanity connected by the Silk Roads. The cloisonné technology originated in the West (Middle East and Europe) and spread to the East (China) during China’s Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368). Then Chinese craftsmen perfected it in their Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) and Qing Dynasty (1644-1912). Chinese cloisonné are still made and highly valued today, and have become the standard by which to measure the quality and appraise the beauty of cloisonné world-wide. This STEAM product ranks as one of China’s major contributions to the world’s fine arts. Both the Republic of China (ROC; 1912-present) and the People’s Republic of China (PRC; 1949-present) inherit the same Chinese culture including the cloisonné technology. PRC just held its third Belt and Road Forum (BRF) in Beijing, October 17-18, 2023. PRC President Xi Jinping gave Chinese cloisonné as a State Guest Gift to the 130 foreign leaders who attended the BRF. This publication reviews the historical and technological developments of Chinese cloisonné and introduces the technical information from both the PRC China Highlights in Beijing, and the ROC Government Information Office in Taipei

REMOVING HIGH COLOR OF HUMIC SUBSTANCES OR NEUTRALIZING ACIDITY OF ACID RAIN BY FLOTATION-FILTRATION WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM

(A) The first part of this paper demonstrates the feasibility of a DAF-filtration water treatment system for removal of humic substances and 400 color units from a contaminated water. Trihalomethanes are primarily formed by the reaction of free chlorine with humic substances, such as humic acid and fulvic acid, called trihalomethane precursors. A raw water containing 21.5 mg/L of humic acid, 400 units of color and 9 NTU of turbidity was treated by the continuous pilot plant. Over 94 percent of humic acid, 99 percent of color and 93 percent of turbidity were removed when 9.26 mg/L of alum in terms of Al2O3 was dosed as coagulant at pH 6.5. .......(B) The second part of this paper demonstrates the feasibility of the same DAF-filtration system skid-mounted on a boat for neutralization of acidity in lake water caused by acid rain. High acidity in lake water is primarily formed by dissolution of industrial air pollutants such as, sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) , etc. which are carried by rains to lake water. Actual acidic lake water from Florida-MA having pH 4.9, color 3.5 units, turbidity 2.8 NTU, acidity 24 mg/L as CaCO3, nitrate nitrogen 0.4 mg/L, phosphate 0.1 mg/L as P, sulfate 70 mg/L and total coliforms 160 /100 mL was treated by the same pilot plant continuously for 5 hours under the same operational conditions but using 4.4 mg/L of sodium aluminate as Al2O3 and 3.5 mg/L of calcium hydroxide. It was discovered that DAF alone would be sufficient for acid rain neutralization, but the added filtration step would produce an effluent meeting the drinking water standards in terms of pH, color, turbidity, phosphorus, and coliforms

DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION AND FILTRATION (DAFF) PACKAGE PLANTS FOR EMERGENCY WATER SUPPLY OR POLLUTION CONTROL

Wang, Lawrence K. and Wang, Mu-Hao Sung (2022). Development of mobile dissolved air flotation and filtration (DAFF) package plants for emergency water supply or pollution control . In: "Evolutionary Progress in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM)", Wang, Lawrence K. and Tsao, Hung-ping (editors). Volume 4, Number 7D, July 2022; pp.50. Lenox Institute Press, MA, USA. STEAM-VOL4-NUM7D-JULY2022. ISBN 978-0-9890870-3-2. ABSTRACT: This publication introduces the high-rate mobile package plants developed by the Lenox Institute of Water Technology (LIWT), but built, marketed and installed by Krofta Engineering Corporation (KEC) and its associated companies around the world. Specifically two mobile DAFF package plants consisting of chemical coagulation/flocculation, dissolved air flotation (DAF), automatic backwash filtration and post chlorination are introduced. The first mobile DAFF plant (Sandfloat Type 8; Diameter = 8 ft.) incorporates all unit processes into one single unit, and has a design capacity of 144,000 gpd. The second mobile DAFF plant (Sandfloat Type 4; Diameter = 4 ft) has identical unit process components, and has a design capacity of 14,400 gpd. Special emphasis is placed on introducing the mobile DAFF package plants' circular high rate dissolved air flotation (DT = 3 minutes), its zero-velocity concept, unique automatic filter backwash operation, design diagrams, physicochemical unit process sequence, stainless steel construction, mobility, and the feasibility of treating reservoir water, acidic lake water and industrial effluents. The mobile DAFF plants' various water supply applications and water pollution applications are reviewed. References are also cited for the applications of DAF/DAFF for groundwater decontamination, storm water treatment, industrial effluent pretreatment, and hydraulic fracturing wastewater treatment